Thyroid problems are common in women, and the risk increases significantly during pregnancy. If the thyroid gland produces too little hormone (hypothyroidism) or too much (hyperthyroidism), it can affect both the mother and the developing baby. Experts explain why the thyroid becomes more sensitive during pregnancy and what precautions can help.

Why thyroid problems increase during pregnancy
According to Dr. Subhash Giri, Professor and HOD of Medicine at RML Hospital, Delhi, pregnancy triggers multiple hormonal changes that directly impact the thyroid gland.

Key reasons:

• Hormonal shifts
Estrogen levels rise during pregnancy, which can overstimulate the thyroid and lead to thyroid dysfunction.

• Increased thyroid demand
A pregnant woman’s body needs more thyroid hormone to support the baby’s brain and nervous system development. If the gland cannot meet this increased demand, thyroid problems arise.

• Iodine deficiency
Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Low iodine intake can lead to underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism).

Types of thyroid disorders
Dr. Giri explains that two major thyroid conditions may affect pregnant women:

1. Hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone)
   Symptoms:
   • Fatigue
   • Constipation
   • Unexplained weight gain
   • Hair fall
   • Cold intolerance

2. Hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid hormone)
   Symptoms:
   • Rapid heartbeat
   • Weight loss
   • Tremors
   • Excessive sweating
   • Anxiety or irritability

Both conditions require treatment, as untreated thyroid disease can affect pregnancy outcomes.

Expert advice: Avoid home remedies
Dr. Giri warns that home remedies are not effective for thyroid issues. Proper medication and a balanced diet are necessary. If thyroid levels are not monitored and controlled, it can harm both the mother and the unborn child.

Who is at higher risk during pregnancy?
According to Dr. Saloni Chaddha, Gynecologist at RML Hospital, the following women need extra caution:

• Women with previous thyroid problems
• Women who have had a miscarriage in the past
• Women with a family history of thyroid disease
• Women with autoimmune conditions

The first trimester is the most critical, as the thyroid gland works harder during the first 12 weeks. A TSH test at the first prenatal visit is essential.

How to prevent thyroid problems during pregnancy
• Get thyroid tests (TSH, T3, T4) during your first antenatal checkup
• Use iodized salt in daily diet
• Take prescribed thyroid medication on time, without skipping doses
• Get thyroid levels checked every 6–8 weeks
• Maintain a balanced diet rich in iodine (milk, eggs, curd, iodized salt) and selenium (nuts, seeds)