Thyroid problems are often associated with adults, but children can suffer from them too. In fact, some babies are born with thyroid issues—a condition known as congenital hypothyroidism. Others may develop thyroid disorders later in childhood, especially when the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. This condition is called autoimmune thyroiditis or Hashimoto’s disease.

According to Dr. Rakesh Kumar Bagdi from the Pediatrics Department at AIIMS Delhi, the main causes of thyroid disorders in children include:

• Iodine deficiency or excess

• Family history of thyroid disease

• Autoimmune disorders

• Side effects of certain medications

• Exposure to radiation

Symptoms may start appearing shortly after birth, such as poor feeding, low energy, pale skin, or weak crying. In older children, the symptoms may develop more slowly, making them harder to detect early.

Types of Thyroid Disorders in Children

There are two primary types of thyroid issues:

1. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid): When the thyroid produces too little hormone.

2. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid): When it produces too much hormone.

Signs of Hypothyroidism (Low Thyroid Hormone)

• Rapid weight gain

• Decreased appetite

• Feeling cold often

• Dry skin and hair loss

• Constipation

• Puffy face

• Difficulty concentrating or delayed speech

• Fatigue and slow growth

• In newborns: weak crying, feeding difficulties, and reduced activity

Signs of Hyperthyroidism (Excess Thyroid Hormone)

• Increased activity and restlessness

• Sudden weight loss despite increased appetite

• Excessive sweating

• Trouble sleeping

• Irritability or mood swings

• Shaky hands and rapid heartbeat

• Sometimes, bulging eyes

If any of these symptoms are observed, it's important to get a thyroid function test (TSH, T3, T4) done for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Diet Recommendations for Children with Thyroid Disorders

What to Eat:

• Iodized salt – Essential for thyroid hormone production

• Dairy products and eggs – Provide calcium and protein

• Green leafy vegetables and fruits (like apples, bananas, berries) – Support immunity

• Nuts and seeds (like almonds and sunflower seeds) – Rich in selenium and zinc

• Sunlight exposure – Helps the body synthesize vitamin D, which supports thyroid health

What to Avoid:

• Raw cruciferous vegetables (like cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli) in excess, especially in hypothyroidism

• Excess soy products – Can interfere with hormone absorption

• Junk and processed food – Lacks nutrients and may worsen thyroid function

• High sugar and caffeine intake – Can affect hormonal balance

When to See a Doctor

If your child frequently seems tired, gains weight without reason, shows poor concentration, or has slow growth, it’s important to consult a pediatrician. Early diagnosis and treatment, combined with a nutritious diet, can help manage thyroid conditions effectively and ensure the child’s healthy development.